The MBA in Hospital Administration is designed to equip professionals with the skills and knowledge necessary to effectively manage and lead healthcare organizations. This program combines advanced business management principles with a focus on the healthcare sector, preparing graduates for leadership roles in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities.
Program Overview MBA (HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION)
Key Components of the Program
Curriculum Focus
- The curriculum covers essential topics such as healthcare management, financial management, human resources in healthcare, healthcare policy, and ethics.
- Students also explore operational management, quality improvement, and the use of technology in healthcare.
Skills Development
- Emphasis on developing critical thinking, strategic planning, leadership, and communication skills essential for effective hospital management.
- Hands-on training through case studies, simulations, and real-world projects to apply theoretical concepts.
Industry Relevance
- The program is tailored to address current challenges and trends in healthcare, such as regulatory changes, technological advancements, and patient care quality.
- Involvement with healthcare professionals and organizations provides insights into best practices and emerging issues in the field.
Networking Opportunities
- Students have access to a network of industry professionals, faculty, and alumni, facilitating connections and career opportunities.
- Participation in seminars, workshops, and industry conferences to expand professional networks.
Capstone Project/Internship
- Many programs require a capstone project or internship, allowing students to gain practical experience and apply their learning in real healthcare settings.
Target Audience
This program is ideal for:
- Healthcare professionals seeking to advance their careers into managerial roles.
- Graduates from non-healthcare fields looking to transition into the healthcare industry.
- Individuals aiming to acquire specialized knowledge in healthcare administration.
Why should one study the MBA (HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION) online?
Studying for an MBA in Hospital Administration online offers numerous advantages that can enhance the educational experience and support career advancement. Here are some compelling reasons to consider an online format:
Flexibility and Convenience
- Schedule Management: Online programs allow students to study at their own pace, making it easier to balance coursework with work and personal commitments.
- Location Independence: Students can access course materials and participate in classes from anywhere, eliminating the need for commuting to a physical campus.
Access to Diverse Resources
- Global Perspectives: Online programs often attract students from various backgrounds and regions, enriching discussions and collaboration with diverse viewpoints.
- Advanced Technology: Many online programs utilize cutting-edge technology for learning, including interactive platforms, virtual simulations, and digital libraries.
Cost-Effectiveness
- Reduced Expenses: Online programs often have lower tuition fees compared to on-campus counterparts. Additionally, students save on commuting, housing, and other related costs.
- Work While Studying: The flexibility of online study allows students to continue working, maintaining their income while pursuing their degree.
Enhanced Learning Experience
- Self-Paced Learning: Students can revisit lectures and course materials as needed, reinforcing their understanding of complex topics.
- Focus on Practical Application: Many online programs emphasize real-world case studies and projects, providing relevant insights into hospital administration.
Networking Opportunities
- Access to a Broader Network: Online programs often connect students with industry professionals and alumni through virtual networking events, webinars, and forums.
- Collaboration with Peers: Online platforms facilitate collaboration on group projects and discussions, helping to build professional relationships.
Innovative Curriculum
- Current Industry Trends: Online MBA programs frequently update their curricula to reflect the latest developments in healthcare administration, ensuring that students are well-prepared for the evolving landscape.
- Focus on Technology: Many programs incorporate training on healthcare technologies, data analytics, and telemedicine, which are increasingly important in hospital administration.
Career Advancement
- Enhance Employability: An MBA in Hospital Administration is a valuable credential that can open doors to leadership roles within healthcare organizations.
- Preparation for Challenges: The program equips students with the necessary skills to navigate the complexities of healthcare management, improving their ability to contribute effectively in their roles.
Key Highlights: MBA in Hospital Administration
The MBA in Hospital Administration program offers several distinctive features that make it an attractive option for aspiring healthcare leaders. Here are some key highlights:
Comprehensive Curriculum
- Covers critical topics such as healthcare management, finance, operations, human resources, and healthcare policy, ensuring a well-rounded education.
Industry-Relevant Skills
- Focuses on developing essential skills such as strategic planning, leadership, communication, and critical thinking, tailored for the healthcare environment.
Experienced Faculty
- Courses are taught by faculty with extensive experience in healthcare management, providing insights from real-world practice and current industry trends.
Flexible Learning Options
- Available in online, hybrid, or on-campus formats, allowing students to choose a mode that best fits their schedules and learning preferences.
Networking Opportunities
- Access to a network of healthcare professionals, alumni, and industry leaders through seminars, workshops, and online forums, enhancing career connections.
Capstone Project/Internship
- Practical experience through a capstone project or internship, allowing students to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world healthcare settings.
Focus on Healthcare Technology
- Emphasis on the integration of technology in healthcare, including training in health informatics, telemedicine, and data analytics.
Personal and Professional Development
- Opportunities for leadership training, personal growth, and skill enhancement to prepare graduates for advanced roles in hospital administration.
Global Perspective
- Exposure to international healthcare practices and challenges, preparing students for careers in diverse healthcare settings.
Strong Career Outcomes
- Graduates are well-prepared for leadership roles in hospitals, healthcare systems, and related organizations, with strong job placement rates and career advancement opportunities.
Program Duration: MBA in Hospital Administration
The duration of an MBA in Hospital Administration can vary depending on the format of the program (full-time, part-time, or online) and the specific institution offering it. Here’s a general overview:
Full-Time MBA
- Typically lasts 2 years.
- Students usually complete a set curriculum, including core courses, electives, and a capstone project or internship.
Part-Time MBA
- Usually takes 2 to 3 years to complete.
- Designed for working professionals, allowing students to balance their studies with their job responsibilities by taking fewer courses each semester.
Online MBA
- Duration can range from 1.5 to 3 years, depending on the pace at which students choose to complete their courses.
- Flexible scheduling enables students to progress at their own speed, making it ideal for those with professional commitments.
Accelerated MBA
- Some institutions offer accelerated programs that can be completed in as little as 12 to 18 months.
- These programs may require a more intensive course load and a faster-paced learning environment.
Eligibility Criteria: MBA in Hospital Administration
The eligibility criteria for an MBA in Hospital Administration can vary by institution, but generally include the following key requirements:
Educational Qualifications
- Bachelor’s Degree: Applicants must hold a recognized undergraduate degree from an accredited institution. Degrees in healthcare, business, management, or related fields are often preferred.
Minimum GPA
- Many programs require a minimum GPA, typically around 2.5 to 3.0 on a 4.0 scale. Some competitive programs may have higher requirements.
Work Experience
- While not always mandatory, relevant work experience in healthcare or a related field is often preferred. Some programs may require a certain number of years of professional experience.
English Language Proficiency
- For non-native English speakers, proof of proficiency in English is usually required. This can be demonstrated through standardized tests such as:
- TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)
- IELTS (International English Language Testing System)
Standardized Test Scores (if applicable)
- Some programs may require GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) or GRE (Graduate Record Examination) scores. However, many institutions have flexible policies regarding these tests, especially for applicants with significant work experience.
Application Materials
- Completed Application Form: Submission of the institution’s official application form.
- Official Transcripts: From all post-secondary institutions attended.
- Letters of Recommendation: Typically 1-3 letters from academic or professional references who can speak to the applicant’s abilities and potential.
- Personal Statement/Statement of Purpose: An essay outlining the applicant’s motivations for pursuing the program, relevant experiences, and career goals.
- Resume/CV: A current resume detailing academic achievements, work experience, and relevant skills.
For Whom: MBA in Hospital Administration
The MBA in Hospital Administration is designed for a diverse range of individuals seeking to advance their careers in healthcare management. Here are some key groups who may benefit from this program:
Healthcare Professionals
- Doctors and Nurses: Medical practitioners looking to move into administrative roles within hospitals or healthcare organizations.
- Allied Health Professionals: Individuals working in fields such as pharmacy, physical therapy, or radiology who wish to take on leadership positions.
Recent Graduates
- Bachelor’s Degree Holders: Graduates from relevant fields (healthcare, business, public health) seeking to enhance their qualifications and enter the healthcare management sector.
Current Administrators and Managers
- Healthcare Administrators: Professionals already in management roles who wish to further their education and skills to improve their effectiveness and advance their careers.
- Middle Management: Individuals in supervisory roles looking to transition into higher-level management positions.
Professionals Seeking Career Change
- Individuals from Non-Healthcare Backgrounds: Those with experience in business, finance, or other industries who are interested in transitioning to healthcare administration and management.
Policy Makers and Public Health Officials
- Government Employees: Professionals involved in healthcare policy, regulation, or public health initiatives looking to deepen their understanding of hospital operations and management.
Entrepreneurs and Innovators
- Startup Founders: Individuals interested in starting their own healthcare-related businesses or consulting firms who need a solid foundation in healthcare management and administration.
Program Benefits: MBA in Hospital Administration
The MBA in Hospital Administration offers numerous benefits that can significantly enhance both personal and professional development for students. Here are some key advantages:
Specialized Knowledge
- Gain in-depth understanding of healthcare systems, policies, and regulations, equipping you with the expertise needed to navigate the complexities of the healthcare industry.
Leadership Skills
- Develop essential leadership and management skills tailored for the healthcare environment, preparing you for senior roles within healthcare organizations.
Career Advancement Opportunities
- The degree can open doors to higher-level positions in hospital administration, healthcare management, and executive roles, often leading to increased responsibilities and salaries.
Networking Opportunities
- Connect with industry professionals, faculty, and alumni, creating valuable relationships that can help you in your career development and job search.
Real-World Experience
- Many programs include internships or capstone projects, providing hands-on experience and the chance to apply theoretical knowledge in practical settings.
Interdisciplinary Approach
- The curriculum often combines elements of business management, healthcare policy, and technology, offering a well-rounded education that prepares you for various challenges in the field.
Understanding of Healthcare Technology
- Stay updated on the latest healthcare technologies, data analytics, and telemedicine practices, essential for modern healthcare management.
Flexibility
- Many programs offer online or part-time options, allowing you to study while balancing work and personal commitments, making it easier to achieve your educational goals.
Preparation for Challenges
- Equip yourself with strategies to tackle common issues in healthcare management, such as cost control, quality assurance, and patient satisfaction.
Global Perspective
- Exposure to international healthcare practices and challenges prepares you for work in diverse settings, enhancing your adaptability and cultural competence.
Career Options: MBA in Hospital Administration
An MBA in Hospital Administration opens up a wide range of career opportunities in the healthcare sector. Here are some key career paths that graduates can pursue:
Healthcare Administrator
- Manage the operations of hospitals, clinics, or healthcare facilities, overseeing staff, budgets, and compliance with regulations.
Medical and Health Services Manager
- Plan, direct, and coordinate medical and health services, often specializing in a particular area such as nursing, therapy, or surgery.
Healthcare Consultant
- Provide expert advice to healthcare organizations on improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing patient care.
Health Information Manager
- Oversee the management of patient data and health information systems, ensuring compliance with regulations and optimizing information flow.
Quality Improvement Manager
- Focus on enhancing healthcare quality and safety, implementing policies and procedures to improve patient outcomes.
Clinical Operations Manager
- Manage the day-to-day operations of clinical departments, ensuring efficient service delivery and high-quality patient care.
Patient Services Manager
- Oversee patient care services, addressing patient needs and improving the overall patient experience within healthcare facilities.
Health Policy Analyst
- Analyze healthcare policies and their impacts on the healthcare system, advising organizations or government entities on policy development.
Practice Manager
- Manage the business aspects of a medical practice, including finances, staffing, and regulatory compliance.
Director of Nursing
- Lead nursing departments, focusing on staff management, patient care standards, and departmental budgeting.
Chief Operating Officer (COO)
- In larger healthcare organizations, COOs are responsible for the overall operations, strategic planning, and administration of healthcare services.
Pharmaceutical or Medical Device Sales Manager
- Oversee sales teams and strategies for pharmaceutical or medical device companies, leveraging healthcare knowledge to drive sales.
Course Curriculum – Specializations: MBA in Hospital Administration
The MBA in Hospital Administration typically offers a comprehensive curriculum that covers core business principles as well as specialized courses tailored to the healthcare sector. Here’s an overview of the general course curriculum, along with potential specializations:
Core Courses
Healthcare Management
- Principles and practices of managing healthcare organizations, focusing on operational efficiency and patient care.
Health Economics
- Understanding economic principles as they relate to healthcare, including cost-effectiveness analysis and resource allocation.
Healthcare Policy and Ethics
- Examination of healthcare policies, regulatory frameworks, and ethical issues in the healthcare sector.
Financial Management in Healthcare
- Financial principles specific to healthcare organizations, including budgeting, financial analysis, and funding sources.
Human Resource Management
- Strategies for managing personnel in healthcare settings, including recruitment, training, and performance management.
Healthcare Quality Improvement
- Techniques and methodologies for improving quality and safety in healthcare delivery.
Health Information Systems
- Overview of health IT systems, data management, and the use of technology in improving healthcare services.
Strategic Management
- Development and implementation of strategies for healthcare organizations in a competitive environment.
Specializations
Students may have the option to choose a specialization to tailor their MBA experience. Common specializations include:
Healthcare Leadership
- Focus on developing leadership skills and strategic decision-making abilities specific to healthcare settings.
Health Informatics
- Emphasis on the intersection of information technology and healthcare, covering topics like electronic health records and data analytics.
Financial Management in Healthcare
- In-depth study of financial practices and strategies unique to healthcare organizations.
Healthcare Marketing
- Strategies for marketing healthcare services, including patient engagement, branding, and communication.
Global Health Management
- Exploration of international healthcare systems, global health issues, and management practices in a global context.
Emergency Management in Healthcare
- Focus on disaster preparedness, response, and recovery specific to healthcare organizations.
Long-Term Care Administration
- Specialization in managing facilities such as nursing homes, assisted living, and rehabilitation centers.
Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Consulting
- Insights into consulting practices specific to the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries.
Core Areas of Study MBA (HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION)
The MBA in Hospital Administration encompasses several core areas of study that equip students with essential knowledge and skills for effective management in the healthcare sector. Here are the key core areas:
Healthcare Management
- Understanding the structure and function of healthcare systems.
- Learning about operational strategies and best practices for managing healthcare facilities.
Health Economics
- Analyzing economic factors that influence healthcare delivery.
- Evaluating cost-effectiveness and resource allocation in health services.
Healthcare Policy and Ethics
- Exploring healthcare laws, regulations, and policies at local, national, and international levels.
- Discussing ethical dilemmas and decision-making processes in healthcare management.
Financial Management in Healthcare
- Learning financial principles specific to healthcare organizations, including budgeting, financial reporting, and reimbursement systems.
- Understanding the fiscal challenges faced by hospitals and healthcare facilities.
Human Resource Management
- Strategies for recruiting, training, and retaining healthcare staff.
- Managing workforce issues, labor relations, and employee engagement in healthcare settings.
Healthcare Quality and Performance Improvement
- Implementing quality improvement initiatives and performance measurement frameworks.
- Utilizing data to enhance patient safety and care quality.
Health Information Systems and Technology
- Understanding the role of information technology in healthcare, including electronic health records (EHRs) and data analytics.
- Assessing the impact of technology on patient care and organizational efficiency.
Strategic Planning and Management
- Developing strategic plans to guide healthcare organizations in achieving their goals.
- Analyzing competitive environments and making informed decisions for organizational growth.
Marketing and Public Relations in Healthcare
- Strategies for promoting healthcare services and engaging with patients and communities.
- Understanding branding, communication, and public relations in a healthcare context.
Operations Management in Healthcare
- Managing the operational aspects of healthcare facilities, including supply chain management, facilities management, and service delivery processes.
Fee Structure: MBA in Hospital Administration
The fee structure for an MBA in Hospital Administration can vary widely based on several factors, including the institution, program format (online, part-time, or full-time), and geographical location. Here’s a general overview of what students might expect:
Tuition Fees
- Full-Time MBA: Typically ranges from 1680607.00 to 5041821.00 for the entire program, depending on the institution’s prestige and location.
- Part-Time MBA: May have similar or slightly lower total costs, around 1260455.25 to 4201517.50 as students may take fewer courses per semester.
- Online MBA: Often ranges from 1260455.25 to 3361214.00 , as many online programs aim to be more cost-effective.
Additional Fees
- Application Fees: Usually range from 4201.52 to 12604.55.
- Enrollment Fees: Often between 8403.04 and 42015.18.
- Technology Fees: If applicable, may range from 8403.04 to 25209.11 per semester for online access and resources.
- Library and Resource Fees: Typically around 8403.04 to 16806.07.
Course Materials
- Textbooks and Supplies: Estimated to cost between 42015.18 to 126045.53 per year, depending on the number of courses and materials required.
Living Expenses
- For on-campus students, additional costs for housing, food, transportation, and personal expenses can range from 840303.50 to 1680607.00 per year, depending on the location.
Financial Aid and Scholarships
- Many institutions offer financial aid, scholarships, or assistantships to help offset costs. It’s advisable to explore these options when considering the program.
Support During the Program: MBA in Hospital Administration
Institutions offering an MBA in Hospital Administration typically provide various forms of support to enhance the learning experience and ensure student success. Here are some key support services available during the program:
Academic Advising
- Dedicated academic advisors help students with course selection, program requirements, and academic planning to ensure timely graduation.
Mentorship Programs
- Many programs connect students with faculty mentors or industry professionals who provide guidance, support, and career advice throughout the program.
Career Services
- Comprehensive career support, including resume writing, interview preparation, and job search strategies, to help students secure internships and employment post-graduation.
Networking Opportunities
- Access to networking events, workshops, and guest lectures featuring healthcare leaders and alumni, fostering connections that can lead to career opportunities.
Online Learning Resources
- For online programs, institutions often provide virtual libraries, e-learning platforms, and access to a wealth of digital resources, including journals and research databases.
Technical Support
- IT support for students facing technical issues with online learning platforms, ensuring smooth access to course materials and online discussions.
Student Organizations and Associations
- Opportunities to join healthcare-focused student organizations, providing additional networking, professional development, and community engagement.
Workshops and Seminars
- Regular workshops on topics such as leadership development, healthcare trends, and skill-building sessions to supplement the academic curriculum.
Counseling and Wellness Services
- Access to mental health resources, counseling, and wellness programs to support students’ overall well-being during their studies.
Alumni Support
- Strong alumni networks offering continued support, networking opportunities, and career advancement resources even after graduation.
Admission Requirements MBA (HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION)
The admission requirements for an MBA in Hospital Administration can vary by institution, but generally include the following key components:
Educational Qualifications
- Bachelor’s Degree: Applicants must hold a recognized undergraduate degree from an accredited institution. Degrees in healthcare, business, management, or related fields are often preferred.
Minimum GPA
- Many programs require a minimum cumulative GPA, typically around 2.5 to 3.0 on a 4.0 scale.
Work Experience
- While not always mandatory, relevant work experience in healthcare or a related field is often preferred. Some programs may require a certain number of years of professional experience.
Standardized Test Scores (if applicable)
- Some institutions may require GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) or GRE (Graduate Record Examination) scores, though many programs have flexible policies regarding these tests, especially for applicants with significant work experience.
English Language Proficiency
- For non-native English speakers, proof of proficiency in English is usually required. This can be demonstrated through standardized tests such as:
- TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)
- IELTS (International English Language Testing System)
Application Materials
- Completed Application Form: Submission of the institution’s official application form.
- Official Transcripts: From all post-secondary institutions attended.
- Letters of Recommendation: Typically 1-3 letters from academic or professional references who can speak to the applicant’s abilities and potential.
- Personal Statement/Statement of Purpose: An essay outlining the applicant’s motivations for pursuing the program, relevant experiences, and career goals.
- Resume/CV: A current resume detailing academic achievements, work experience, and relevant skills.
Interview (if applicable)
- Some programs may require an interview as part of the admissions process, either in-person or virtually, to assess fit and motivation.
Admission Process: MBA in Hospital Administration
The admission process for an MBA in Hospital Administration typically involves several key steps. While specific procedures may vary by institution, the general process is outlined below:
Research Programs
- Explore various institutions offering the MBA in Hospital Administration. Consider factors such as curriculum, faculty, format (online, part-time, full-time), location, and reputation.
Prepare Application Materials
- Gather the necessary documents, which usually include:
- Completed Application Form: Fill out the institution’s application form accurately.
- Official Transcripts: Request transcripts from all post-secondary institutions attended.
- Letters of Recommendation: Secure 1-3 letters from references who can speak to your qualifications.
- Personal Statement/Statement of Purpose: Write a compelling essay outlining your motivations, experiences, and career goals.
- Resume/CV: Prepare an up-to-date resume highlighting relevant education and work experience.
Take Standardized Tests (if required)
- If the program requires GMAT or GRE scores, register for and complete the test. Ensure scores are sent directly to the institution as per their guidelines.
English Language Proficiency (if applicable)
- Non-native speakers should take the TOEFL or IELTS, and submit scores as part of the application.
Submit Application
- Complete and submit the application by the specified deadline. Be mindful of any application fees that may apply.
Interview (if applicable)
- Some programs may require an interview. Prepare for this by reviewing your application materials and practicing common interview questions related to your motivations and goals.
Receive Admission Decision
- After submitting your application, await the admission decision. This may take several weeks, depending on the institution’s timeline.
Acceptance and Enrollment
- If accepted, you’ll receive an official offer letter. Follow the instructions for enrollment, which may include:
- Confirming your acceptance.
- Paying an enrollment deposit.
- Registering for classes.
Financial Aid and Scholarships
- If applicable, apply for financial aid, scholarships, or assistantships offered by the institution to help offset tuition costs.
Prepare for the Program
- Once enrolled, prepare for the start of classes by reviewing course requirements, textbooks, and any orientation materials provided by the institution.
University offering the course MBA (HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION)
JSS ACADEMY OF EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
Frequently Asked Questions MBA (HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION)
Here’s a list of frequently asked questions about an MBA in Hospital Administration:
What is an MBA in Hospital Administration?
An MBA in Hospital Administration focuses on the business aspects of healthcare management, equipping students with skills in finance, human resources, policy, and operations specific to hospitals and healthcare organizations.
What are the career opportunities after completing this MBA?
Graduates can pursue various roles such as Hospital Administrator, Healthcare Manager, Operations Manager, Policy Analyst, or Consultant in healthcare firms, hospitals, and governmental health agencies.
What is the duration of the program?
Typically, an MBA in Hospital Administration takes 2 years to complete for full-time students, though there are part-time and online options that may extend this duration.
What are the admission requirements?
Admission requirements often include a bachelor’s degree, GMAT/GRE scores, letters of recommendation, a statement of purpose, and relevant work experience in healthcare or management.
Is work experience necessary for admission?
While it varies by program, many schools prefer candidates with some professional experience in healthcare or management, as it enriches classroom discussions and learning.
What subjects are covered in the curriculum?
Common subjects include Healthcare Economics, Financial Management, Strategic Planning, Healthcare Law and Ethics, Organizational Behavior, and Quality Improvement.
Are there any internships or practical experiences involved?
Many programs require internships or capstone projects to provide hands-on experience in healthcare settings, allowing students to apply their learning in real-world environments.
What skills will I develop in this program?
Students typically develop leadership, critical thinking, financial acumen, effective communication, problem-solving, and knowledge of healthcare regulations and policies.
Can I pursue this degree online?
Yes, many universities offer online or hybrid programs for MBA in Hospital Administration, allowing for greater flexibility for working professionals.
How much does the program cost?
Tuition costs vary widely by institution, ranging from a few thousand to tens of thousands of dollars. It’s essential to consider additional costs such as books, materials, and potential travel for internships.
What is the job market like for hospital administrators?
The job market for healthcare management professionals is generally strong, with an expected growth rate due to an aging population and increased focus on healthcare quality and efficiency.
Do I need a healthcare background to succeed in this MBA?
While a healthcare background can be beneficial, it’s not always necessary. The program is designed to provide the necessary knowledge and skills regardless of previous experience in healthcare.
What professional organizations can I join after graduation?
Graduates can join organizations like the American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE), the Healthcare Financial Management Association (HFMA), or the National Association of Health Services Executives (NAHSE) for networking and professional development.
What is the difference between an MBA and a Master of Healthcare Administration (MHA)?
An MBA focuses more on general business management principles, while an MHA is specifically tailored to healthcare settings and often covers topics more deeply related to healthcare systems and policies.
What are the challenges in this field?
Hospital administrators often face challenges such as managing budgets, ensuring compliance with regulations, improving patient care, and adapting to technological advancements in healthcare.